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C++: 8. Polymorphism

Polymorphism is an important concept of object-oriented programming. It simply means more than one form. That is, the same entity (function or operator) behaves differently in different scenarios.

Function Overloading in C++
In C++, two or more functions can have the same name if the number and/or type of parameters are different, this is called function overloading.

Example:- 
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add(int a, int b) {
    return a+b;
}
int add(int a, int b, int c) {
    return a+b+c;
}
double add(double a, double b) {
    return a+b;
}
int main() {
  int x = 3, y = 7, z = 12;
  double n1 = 4.56, n2 = 13.479;
  cout<<"x+y = "<<add(x,y)<<endl;
  cout<<"x+y+z = "<<add(x,y,z)<<endl;
  cout<<"n1+n2 = "<<add(n1,n2);
  return 0;
}
Output:- 
x+y = 10
x+y+z = 22
n1+n2 = 18.039


Function Overriding in C++
When a member function of a base class is redefined in its derived class with the same parameters and return type, it is called function overriding in C++. The base class function is said to be overridden.

Example:- 
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class base {
    public:
    virtual void display() {
        cout<<"Function of base class"<<endl;
    }
};
class derived : public base {
    public:
    void display() {
        cout<<"Function of derived class"<<endl;
    }
};
int main() {
  derived d1;
  d1.display();
  return 0;
}
Output:- 
Function of derived class

Virtual Function in C++
A virtual function is a function defined in the base class with virtual keyword. The purpose of virtual function is to ensure that the function is overridden.

Example:- 
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class base {
    public:
    void display() {
        cout<<"Function of base class"<<endl;
    }
};
class derived : public base {
    public:
    void display() {
        cout<<"Function of derived class"<<endl;
    }
};
int main() {
  derived d;
  base *b = &d;   //base class pointer
  b->display();   //base class function executes
  return 0;
}
Output:- 
Function of base class

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